A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the five scales was conducted to provide supporting evidence for combining the scales into a single composite measure. The fit of the one-factor model with a free error covariance between passive-aggressive and manipulating was acceptable . All of the factor loadings were significant at the .001 alpha level; the error covariance was significant at the.01 alpha level. The significant error covariance between manipulating and passiveaggressive makes conceptual sense as they both tap behaving in manners contrary to appearances.